Introduction

• In this episode of Tick Boot Camp, our hosts Matt Sabatello and Rich Johannesen had the opportunity to talk with the remarkable Professor Nicole Baumgarth, director of the Lyme and Tick-Borne Diseases Institute at Johns Hopkins University. Baumgarth brings a unique interdisciplinary background in veterinary medicine, immunology, microbiology, and pathology offering fresh insights into the complex world of Lyme disease and tick-borne illnesses.

Lyme Disease Research

• Baumgarth and her team are investigating why we don't mount an effective adaptive immune response to Lyme as we do with influenza (the flu).
• She reveals their interesting finding about how Borrelia may alter the host's gut microbiome to enhance its survival.
• Baumgarth and her team are currently investigating why macrophages, immune cells that gobble up pathogens outside of our cells, don't eat up Lyme bacteria as they do with other bacteria and viruses.
• They are also investigating the impact Lyme has on obliterating our lymph nodes, which are critical agents in receiving signals from our body and mounting a specified immune response with targeted B cells and T cells against things like Lyme disease, as well as deploying long term memory immune cells and plasma cells which would give us long-term immunity to Lyme.
• The Lyme and Tick-Borne Diseases Institute is focusing on investigating why mice get infected with Lyme, the infection persists, yet they never get sick from the infection.
• If the team can identify human immune system deficits causing any of the above, they could identify immune therapies to overcome these shortcomings and treat all stages of Lyme disease.
• Baumgarth and her team are also looking into the impact of tick-borne co-infections. They argue that it's critical to study these diseases together rather than in isolation.

Autoimmune Responses and Lyme Disease

• Professor Baumgarth suggests that Lyme disease may cause an autoimmune response, which can be particularly concerning for those with genetic predispositions to autoimmunity.
• She cites several studies, both in the human model and mouse model, proving that Lyme disease creates an unnecessary increase in other antibodies from our immune system that aren't Lyme-related, resulting in an autoimmunity phenomenon, increased inflammation, and potential immune system burnout.

Understanding Lyme Disease: A Veterinary Perspective

• Professor Baumgarth's veterinary background has allowed her to approach Lyme disease from a macro perspective. She emphasizes that Lyme, being a zoonotic disease, is fundamentally an infection that moves from animals to humans.
• Lyme disease is often a natural infection in animals such as small rodents and birds, where ticks can bite them and transmit the disease.

Investigating the Human Immune Response to Lyme Disease

• Our hosts discuss how humans' immune responses to Lyme vary significantly. Some people are bitten by ticks multiple times without falling ill, while others suffer from chronic Lyme after just one bite.
• This discrepancy might be due to factors such as genetic predispositions, environmental stresses, or an individual's microbial load.

The Complexity of Eradicating Lyme

• Eliminating Lyme is not as simple as wiping out a certain animal species, as the bacteria Borrelia can infect a variety of different rodents and even birds.
• Borrelia is a complex bacterium that replicates slowly and requires a tick to infect a host. It's constantly evolving and it's not a simple task to eradicate Lyme from our ecology.

The Role of Antibiotics and Their Impact

• Despite their potential long-term impact on our immune response, antibiotics are currently the most common form of treatment as soon as Lyme disease is diagnosed. Professor Baumgarth emphasizes a variety of risks when using antibiotics to treat Lyme disease.
• While antibiotics can help in the short term, their effect on our long-term immunity to future infections is still unclear and Professor Baumgarth strongly warns against prolonged use of antibiotics.

Final Thoughts

• Baumgarth is hopeful about the future of Lyme disease research. Despite the challenges and controversies, she believes that continued progress is possible with dedicated research and interdisciplinary collaboration.

Episode Wrap-up

• Professor Nicole Baumgarth's interview provides an enlightening look into the intricate world of Lyme disease and its complex interaction with our immune system. Her unique veterinary perspective coupled with her background in immunology, microbiology, and pathology as well as her research findings shed light on the challenges we face and offer hope for future breakthroughs in the fight against Lyme and tick-borne diseases.

Introduction In this episode of the Tick Boot Camp Podcast, we had the pleasure of interviewing Jimmy Pemberton, a successful entrepreneur, musician, and Lyme Disease warrior.

Early Life and Lyme Disease Awareness Born and raised just north of Lyme, Connecticut, Pemberton was aware of Lyme disease and its typical symptoms, such as fatigue and achy joints. However, his understanding of the disease was minimal until his own journey unfolded. As an athlete, and particularly as a golfer, he encountered ticks quite often, but he never suspected the significant impact they would eventually have on his life.

Career and Pre-Lyme Life Pemberton led a fulfilling, hybrid life of building or helping others build companies, playing gigs in front of large audiences, and teaching students. The sense of fulfillment and excitement in his life started to change when his health took an unexpected turn.

The Onset of Lyme Disease Symptoms Pemberton experienced a decline in his health shortly after taking a COVID-19 vaccine. He began to experience flu-like symptoms, which gradually escalated. Within 7-8 days post-vaccination, Pemberton started to feel unusually sick. The symptoms took a toll on him, both physically and emotionally, resulting in him ending up in the ER.

Diagnosis Journey In the ER, doctors took notice of Pemberton's symptoms and suspected Lyme disease. A nurse practitioner, Beth Galon, suspected that Pemberton had Lyme for a while, and his immune system could no longer keep control over the Lyme post-vaccination. A subsequent IGeneX test confirmed his diagnosis of Lyme disease and Bartonella.

Emotional Impact and Support The diagnosis and debilitating symptoms left Pemberton in a constant state of fight-or-flight, impacting his emotional well-being. However, he found comfort and validation in his regular appointments with his chiropractor, who was aware of his changes and consistently reassured him of his progress.

The Healing Journey Pemberton began his healing journey with a slow start, avoiding pushing his body too hard. His healing process included regular sauna sessions to detoxify his body and lessen the Herxheimer reaction. He also found relief in cold water immersion therapy, which helped in resetting his nervous system.

Spiritual Healing Pemberton also found solace in spiritual healing practices like meditation and Reiki. He turned to meditation to connect his mind, body, and spirit, while Reiki helped align his electromagnetic field, creating space for his body to heal.

The Role of Nutrition and Exercise Proper nutrition and exercise played a crucial role in Pemberton's healing journey. He followed an anti-inflammatory diet and maintained a regular workout regimen. His functional medicine doctor ensured regular blood work every four to six months to monitor his hormones and vitamin and mineral levels.

Current Status and Future Plans Currently, Pemberton is in remission and has resumed his regular life. He is determined to use his experience to help others battling Lyme disease. He believes in the importance of emotional support for Lyme patients and recommends resources like the Tick Boot Camp Podcast to guide them through their journey.

Conclusion Pemberton's journey with Lyme disease is a testament to his resilience and determination. He highlights the importance of a multi-faceted approach to healing, incorporating physical, emotional, and spiritual practices. Despite the challenges, Pemberton continues to thrive and uses his experience to inspire and guide others on their healing journeys.

You can connect with Jimmy on Instagram @JimmyPemberton and TikTok @JimmyPemberton.

In today's episode of Tick Boot Camp, we had the pleasure of hosting Dr. Jill Carnahan, a renowned Lyme specialist and the founder and medical director of Flatiron Functional Medicine in Colorado. She has been featured on various media outlets including Forbes, NBC, and Huffington Post. In this episode, we discuss her newly released book "Unexpected: Finding Resilience Through Functional Medicine, Science, and Faith" which provides a deep insight into her journey and battles with health and environmental challenges.

Key Points:

• We welcomed back Michelle McKeon, a Lyme, MCAS, and mold specialist, who first appeared in episode 141 "Balancing Pathways". Michelle offers her expertise, helping us do a deep dive into Dr. Carnahan's extensive knowledge of functional medicine.
• Dr. Carnahan shares details of her childhood on a farm, the environmental toxic load, and how it affected her health, leading to her developing a holistic approach to medicine.
• She discusses her personal struggle with Lyme disease, Bartonella, Ehrlichia, and Babesia in addition to what she's done to heal.
• Dr. Carnahan shares her battle with breast cancer and the effect of chemotherapy on her gut health. Dr. Carnahan's approach to recovery was a combination of aggressive treatment and a focus on nutrition, meditation, and prayer.
• We discuss the impact of environmental toxins and the concept of the "toxic bucket" and how it ties into health issues faced by Dr. Carnahan, such as Crohn's disease, Lyme disease, breast cancer, and more.
• Dr. Carnahan speaks about the limbic response in our brain that gets triggered due to chemical inhalations, causing limbic activation.
• We dive into the discussion of Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (MCAS) and mold exposure, which seem to be common in most complex cases these days. Dr. Carnahan shares her personal experience with mold exposure.
• The concept of resilience is discussed in depth - how Dr. Carnahan faced multiple health challenges with a mindset of overcoming any obstacle in her path.
• She also talks about how she used meditation and visualization as a powerful tool for her healing process. Learn about flow state and how it can physically and emotionally help your body heal.
• We also discuss how type C personality traits correlate with certain illnesses.
• Dr. Carnahan walks us through her treatment approach to mold exposure. She advocates for personalized treatment protocols involving a mix of binders, glutathione, and support for mitochondria and the limbic system.
• We touch on the promising hyperthermia treatment and its potential benefits for patients with chronic Lyme disease, among others.
• In the latter part of the episode, Dr. Carnahan shares her experiences and perspectives on life, purpose, and relationships, urging us all to view our life's journey from a broader perspective and cultivate self-love.

Relevant Links:

• Unexpected: Finding Resilience Through Functional Medicine, Science, and Faith: Dr. Jill Carnahan's book.
• Flatiron Functional Medicine: Dr. Jill Carnahan's practice.
• "Balancing Pathways": Previous episode with Michelle McKeon.
• Doctor/Patient: Dr. Jill Carnahan's upcoming documentary.
• The Lyme Specialist: Michelle McKeon's resources and services.
• Doctor Page: Dr. Jill Carnahan's feature on Tick Boot Camp's website.
• Instagram - Facebook - Twitter - YouTube: Dr. Jill Carnahan's social media.
• Instagram - Facebook: Michelle McKeon's social media.

In this compelling episode of the Tick Boot Camp Podcast, co-host Matt Sabatello and special guest co-host Lauren Less had an engaging conversation with Christinabella (Bella) Carson, a dedicated educator, therapist, and Lyme warrior. Christina shares her personal story about her battle with Lyme disease and how it led her to make a significant impact within the Lyme community.

About Our Guest: Bella is a vibrant, resilient Lyme disease warrior who has faced numerous medical challenges since childhood. Her health complications, however, never hindered her spirit or determination. Despite the hurdles, she pursued her passion for education, working tirelessly to impact her students positively. In this podcast episode, we discuss:

• Bella's Early Health Challenges: Bella shares her journey of growing up with a myriad of health issues, including undergoing multiple surgeries from a young age. Despite her health concerns, she lived an active life, participating in gymnastics and school sports, before her symptoms escalated in ninth grade.
• Recognizing the Symptoms: Bella candidly talks about her worsening symptoms during her school years. She was fainting frequently, struggling to get up for school, and losing significant weight.
• Her Lyme Disease Diagnosis Journey: Despite a classmate having chronic Lyme disease, it wasn't initially on Bella's radar. It took considerable time, numerous doctors, and plenty of persistence before she was diagnosed with Lyme disease.
• The Treatment Pathway: Bella talks about her treatment journey, which included oral antibiotics, IV treatments, and later transitioning to alternative medicine. Christina found significant relief from SOT therapy, ozone, methylene blue, and NAD, demonstrating the importance of personalized treatment approaches in battling Lyme disease.
• Mental Health and Lyme: Bella highlights the significant impact Lyme disease can have on mental health, discussing her personal experiences and how she sought help to overcome these challenges.
• Finding Purpose Through Adversity: Through her health struggles, Bella found a renewed purpose. She co-founded an international support group, which helped her connect with others battling similar health issues and contribute positively to the Lyme community.
• Bella as a Therapist: After her own struggle with Lyme disease, Bella trained to become a therapist. She now devotes part of her time to supporting those in the chronic Lyme community, helping them navigate their journey with her unique perspective and experience. Connect with Bella below if you'd like to learn more.
• Education and Advocacy: Bella's journey brought her back to her passion for education, where she can share her empathy, resilience, and relate personally with her students. She emphasizes the importance of being your own best advocate, sharing her experiences to help others navigate their Lyme disease journeys.

Connect with Christinabella Carson: You can connect with Christinabella Carson on Instagram and on Facebook.

1. Welcome and Introductions: Stephen Davis, a guest on our Tick Boot Camp Podcast, shares his experiences with Lyme disease and the frequency delivery program on the WAVE 1, using the proven science of bioenergetics. Co-hosting the special interview with Matt is Ali Moresco, a close friend and a prominent figure in the Lyme community.
2. Getting Into the Weeds of Frequencies: Before diving into the details, we discuss the last podcast Ali co-hosted with Rich, featuring Professor Schneider from Stanford University. The discussion centered around the use of wearables in diagnosing and potentially treating Lyme disease.
3. Stephen Davis's Background and Journey with Lyme Disease: Stephen shares his background growing up in tick-infested Saskatchewan, and how he discovered bioenergetics as a means to help with Lyme and tick-borne diseases. He shares the heartbreaking story of his daughter's struggle with undiagnosed Lyme disease and how this led him to research and develop frequency programs, designed to restore her health.
4. Exploring Healing through Frequency Application: Stephen shares how his grandsons, previously burdened by Lyme disease, severe ADHD, and autism, experienced a transformative recovery. Through the innovative use of frequencies, their debilitating symptoms vanished, unveiling a window of opportunity to heal and overcome.
5. The Birth of FREMEDICA and WAVE 1: Stephen explains the birth of FREMEDICA and the development of the WAVE 1 device, which harnesses the powers of bioenergetics. He shares how his first trial of the device resulted in significant improvements in his daughter's and grandchildren's health.
6. How Frequencies Work for Wellness: Stephen describes how frequency application works by essentially helping the immune system recognize pathogens and kick into gear to eliminate them. His Frequency Support Program on WAVE 1 offers information designed to strengthen the body, allowing it to target and eliminate the harmful substances inside our cells.
7. Dealing with Herxheimer Reactions: Stephen talks about Herxheimer reactions, a common symptom experienced by those undergoing treatment for Lyme disease. He discusses how FREmedica addresses this issue in their programs to help patients cope.
8. The Power of Lyme Support Groups: Stephen shares his experiences in contacting Lyme support groups and offering devices for trial. He believes the proof of the program’s effectiveness lies in the user’s experiences and recovery.
9. Addressing Concerns About Frequencies: Stephen clarifies the difference between harmful frequencies, such as those from 5G and Wi-Fi, and the wellness frequencies used in FREmedica's technology. He assures listeners that their frequency delivery system is designed to benefit and not harm the body.
10. WAVE 1’s 30-Day Money-Back Guarantee: Stephen talks about WAVE 1’s program as a gradual progression towards wellness and their money-back guarantee policy. Their 30 Day return option demonstrates confidence in its effectiveness.
11. Launch of WAVE 2: Stephen anticipates the launch of WAVE 2, an upgrade from the WAVE 1 device, with more functionalities. He shares his excitement about the launch and the potential it holds for helping more Lyme patients.
12. FREmedica's Cost-Effective Solution: Stephen reflects on the cost of the devices and how it compares favorably to other practices like ozone therapy. He believes that the affordability and effectiveness of FREmedica's technology make it an excellent option for Lyme patients.
13. Conclusion: Stephen closes the podcast by expressing his passion for helping Lyme patients and his commitment to continue improving FREmedica's technology. He extends his gratitude to the hosts and the listeners for their time and attention.

Visit FREmedica's website for more information about bioenergetic wearable technology and its use of frequencies, along with the upcoming launch of Wave 2.

Welcome to another episode of the Tick Boot Camp Podcast. In this episode, we had the distinct pleasure of speaking with the incredible Lyme Literate Medical Doctor (LLMD) Dr. Casey Kelley. The audio for this enlightening conversation is sourced from an Instagram Live interview conducted in May, during Lyme Disease Awareness Month.

Overview: Dr. Casey Kelley is an authority in the field of integrative health and a trusted voice in chronic illness communities, especially Lyme disease. In this episode, she answers pressing questions from the community, discusses her views on various treatment methods, and offers valuable insights on managing Lyme disease.

• Introduction to Dr. Casey Kelley: Before diving into the discussion, our hosts Matt and Rich give a brief background on Dr. Kelley and her work at Case Integrative Health.
• Discussion on Lyme Disease Testing: Dr. Kelley shares her excitement about the advancements in Lyme disease testing, emphasizing the importance of definitive testing to distinguish between acute, chronic, and persistent Lyme disease.
• Debunking the Magic Bullet Myth: The conversation moves to the common misconception that there's a "Magic Bullet" for chronic Lyme disease. Dr. Kelley emphasizes the complexity of each patient's situation, reminding us that Lyme disease is often accompanied by co-infections and varies greatly from person to person.
• Treatment Techniques and Recommendations: Dr. Kelley addresses a question from the community about healing depression from Lyme disease, recommending techniques like binaural beats and tapping. She also discusses the use of microcurrent neurofeedback in treatment and highlights the importance of prehabilitation before starting Lyme treatment.
• Frequency Therapy and The Electrome: The hosts and Dr. Kelley discuss the intriguing concept of frequency therapy and the emerging focus on the electrome - the collective electrical activity in the body.
• Managing Lyme Disease Flares and Herxes: Dr. Kelley talks about managing Lyme disease flares and Herxes, sharing her go-to anti-inflammatory supplements and remedies.
• Lyme Disease Vaccine Concerns: The episode explores the potential pitfalls and misconceptions surrounding the impending Lyme disease vaccine.
• The Role of SOT (Supportive Oligonucleotide Technique): Dr. Kelley shares her insights on the use of SOT in treating Lyme disease, emphasizing its role as a piece of the puzzle rather than a standalone solution.

This episode is packed with insights and practical advice from a medical professional who's on the frontlines of Lyme disease treatment. Tune in to learn more about managing and treating Lyme disease from an integrative perspective.

Remember: If you enjoyed this episode, please leave a review on Apple Podcasts!

(Note: These show notes are intended to provide a general overview of the podcast episode. For more information and specifics, please listen to the episode in its entirety.)

In this episode, we welcome the incredibly talented and inspiring Isabel Rose to the Tick Boot Camp podcast. A renowned writer, performer, and singer, Isabel shares her story of facing Lyme disease and how she turned her struggles into advocacy work.

✨ Show Highlights:

🌿 Isabel's early life and encounter with Lyme disease: Discover how her tick bite in 1976 led to a lifelong battle with the disease.

🎓 Education and career: Despite her health challenges, Isabel graduated summa cum laude from Yale and built a successful career in the entertainment industry.

🦟 The impact of Lyme disease on her life: Explore how undiagnosed Lyme disease affected her mental and physical health throughout her life.

🤰 Passing Lyme disease to her children: Hear Isabel's heart-wrenching experience of unknowingly passing Lyme disease to her two children in utero, and the steps she took to help them manage their symptoms.

🎗️ Lyme advocacy: Learn about Isabel's journey to becoming a prominent voice in the Lyme disease community through her work with Mothers Against Lyme.

💪 Isabel's story is a testament to the power of resilience and strength in the face of adversity. Join us for this inspiring episode that will motivate you to keep fighting for a healthier and happier life.

🔗 Links and resources:

• Mothers Against Lyme
• Isabel Rose's Website
• CNN Article - story Isabel wrote about her daughter, Sadie

Don't forget to subscribe, rate, and review the Mom vs Lyme podcast episode on your favorite platform, and follow us on social media for updates and future episodes. Together, we can create a supportive community in the fight against Lyme disease.

In this episode, we talk with Dr. Morgan Lucas, a 31-year-old naturopathic doctor from San Diego, CA, about her journey with Lyme disease. Morgan shares her story of overcoming the challenges of Lyme, how her life changed because of it, and her passion for helping others navigate their own health challenges.

Key Points:

• Dr. Lucas' life before Lyme disease: a high-achieving student, Miss New Hampshire Teen USA, and working in digital marketing analytics
• She first got sick at 24 years old, experiencing flu-like symptoms after an insect bite, along with chronic fatigue, chemical sensitivities, insomnia, muscle weakness, brain fog, and digestive issues
• Dr. Lucas received her Lyme disease diagnosis at age 27 after seeing between 8-10 doctors and being misdiagnosed with multiple conditions
• Her treatment for Lyme disease included detoxification, ozone therapy, infrared sauna, herbal medicine, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, frequency therapy, and more
• Although Dr. Lucas is 90% back to her old self, she still experiences flares, recently from mold exposure
• Her life is now focused on self-care and helping others as a naturopathic doctor
• Advice for those struggling with Lyme disease: be patient, prioritize yourself, and ensure you're not being exposed to mold or other toxins while treating

Dr. Lucas' background:

• Graduated with honors from Johns Hopkins University in Economics and Applied Math & Statistics
• Doctor of Naturopathic Medicine from Bastyr University
• Licensed Naturopathic Doctor in California
• 2 years of experience in digital marketing analytics prior to pursuing naturopathic medical school

Connect with Dr. Morgan Lucas:

• Book a free 10-minute discovery call or book an appointment
• View Dr. Morgan's link tree

In this podcast, we explore Dr. Stephanie Canestraro's personal journey with Lyme disease, her diagnosis and treatment experiences, and her advice for others dealing with the condition or looking to protect their families from tick-borne illnesses.

Introduction to Dr. Stephanie Canestraro

• Profession: Institute for Functional Medicine practitioner at Vagus Clinic, Chiropractor, Functional Medicine University practitioner
• Location: Toronto, Canada, with occasional stays in the Dominican Republic and the United States

Life Before Lyme Disease

• Healthy and resilient
• Saw over 20 patients a day as a chiropractor

First Experience with Lyme Disease

• First symptoms at age 27 in 2009
• Neurological symptoms, muscle fasciculations, joint pain, night terror, and more
• Misdiagnosed with celiac disease, benign fasciculation syndrome, and a tentative diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS)

Lyme Disease Diagnosis

• Diagnosed at age 39 after seeing over 20 doctors
• Diagnosis made through a blood test and clinical evaluation
• The doctor that owns CellCore helped with the diagnosis

Treatment for Lyme Disease

• Ongoing treatment since November 2021
• Utilizes various treatments such as frequency therapy, neural therapy, ozone therapy, herbs, homeopathics, antibiotics, immune and nervous system regulation, and more
• Currently around 70-90% back to her old self

Life After Lyme Disease

• Now working as a medical professional treating many chronic Lyme patients
• Resuming social life
• Travels with various supplements and tinctures to manage symptoms

Advice for Those Battling Lyme Disease

• Try alternative treatments and therapies not covered by mainstream medicine
• Focus on clearing lymph and maintaining a healthy gut
• Eliminate toxic relationships and trust that there are answers

Tips for Protecting Families from Tick Diseases

• Educate on stealth pathogens, toxicities, and the importance of gut health
• Be aware that Lyme can be transmitted through various means, not just ticks
• Keep treatments and preventative measures on hand

Dr. Stephanie Canestraro's Education and Professional Experience

• Degree in Health Science with a major in Biochemistry
• Completed courses by Dr. Kharrazian and read numerous books on Lyme disease and functional medicine

Join us in this enlightening podcast episode as we dive deep into Dr. Stephanie Canestraro's journey with Lyme disease, her path to recovery, and her valuable insights for those dealing with the condition or looking to protect their loved ones from tick-borne illnesses.

In this episode of the Tick Boot Camp Podcast, we welcome Professor Stephen Rich, a well-respected scientist in the chronic Lyme disease community from the University of Massachusetts Amherst. Join us as Professor Rich shares insights into his research on tick-borne diseases and practical applications, focusing on Lyme disease transmission, deer's role in the spread of Lyme, and various preventive measures.

Discussion Points

• His team's groundbreaking discovery last month that the blood of the white-tailed deer kills Lyme bacteria
• Professor Rich's background and the Laboratory of Medical Zoology at UMass Amherst
• Practical applications of Lyme research and training other scientists
• Understanding the tick feeding process and Lyme disease transmission
• The debate on Lyme disease transmission through other vectors (mosquitoes, bed bugs)
• Spatial protection tools for preventing tick bites
• Attachment times for Lyme and other tick-borne illnesses
• The mystery behind the Lone Star tick-borne illness Alpga-Gal Syndrome (AGS)
• The role of mice in Lyme disease transmission
• Strains of Borrelia burgdorferi and their impact on humans
• CDC's stance on tick testing and available testing options through Tick Report
• The importance of tick checks and using multiple senses

In this informative episode, Professor Stephen Rich offers valuable knowledge about the transmission and prevention of Lyme disease and other tick-borne illnesses. By understanding these complex processes, we can develop better preventive measures and treatment strategies. Stay tuned for future episodes featuring more insights from experts in the field.